The Main Applications Of Tissue Engineering 組織再生技術應用

Ovine Forestomach Matrix Dermal Templates (Endoform™)
Based on decellularized ovine forestomach matrix (OFM), Endoform™ Natural and Endoform™ Antimicrobial (with silver ions) are used to treat acute and chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers and venous leg ulcers. Studies show OFM accelerates the healing of diabetic foot ulcers and provides good biocompatibility and regenerative support in hard-to-heal wounds.

MACI® (Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation)
MACI is the first FDA-approved autologous cultured chondrocyte scaffold product for repairing full-thickness or multiple cartilage defects in the adult knee. The process involves harvesting healthy cartilage from the patient, expanding the chondrocytes in vitro, seeding them onto a collagen membrane scaffold, and implanting the construct into the defect via arthroscopy or open surgery. Multiple clinical studies and coverage decisions support its safety and efficacy in selected patients.

Laboratory-Grown Arterial and Venous Grafts
Company Humacyte has developed off-the-shelf, decellularized human vessel grafts by seeding human vascular cells onto a degradable polymer scaffold to create natural-like arteries. Early clinical applications in dialysis and trauma patients have shown reduced complications and host cell repopulation post-implantation. Pending full FDA approval, these grafts could replace traditional synthetic vascular prostheses.

Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Patches
Cardiac patches derived from pluripotent stem cells have demonstrated potential for treating heart failure in primate studies and a first-in-human trial. These patches are created by differentiating stem cells into cardiomyocytes and fabricating a "patch" that is applied to the heart's surface, improving contractile function and promoting myocardial regeneration over 3–6 months post-implantation.

Bioengineered Tracheal Grafts
A few case reports have used decellularized or synthetic scaffolds seeded with autologous cells to replace segments of the trachea, but these approaches remain in early research or single-case report stages and are not yet broadly applied clinically.

Bioengineered Bladders
In 2006, the Wake Forest team reported reconstructing the bladder of a child with spina bifida using autologous urothelial and smooth muscle cells on a degradable scaffold. Long-term follow-up of up to five years showed tissue integration and functional improvement, but this approach has not yet become a routine commercial product.

羊胃基質修復膜（Endoform™ Dermal Template）
以去細胞化的羊胃基質（Ovine Forestomach Matrix, OFM）為基礎，Endoform™ Natural 與 Endoform™ Antimicrobial（含銀離子）用於治療急性及慢性創面，包括糖尿病足潰瘍和靜脈性腿部潰瘍。研究顯示，OFM 能加速糖尿病足潰瘍的癒合，並在難愈合創面中展現良好的生物相容性與再生促進效果。

MACI®（Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation）
MACI 是首款經美國 FDA 批准的自體培養軟骨細胞支架產品，用於修復成人膝關節之全層或多發性軟骨缺損。治療流程包括：採集患者健康軟骨組織、體外擴增軟骨細胞，將細胞植入膠原膜支架，然後透過關節鏡或開放手術方式植入缺損部位。多項臨床研究及健保給付決策均支持其在特定患者中的安全性與療效。

實驗室培養動靜脈血管
Humacyte 公司開發的離體培養血管，透過在人源血管細胞於可降解高分子支架上種植，製成類似天然動脈的「去細胞」血管。目前正在透析及外傷患者身上進行早期臨床應用，顯示並發症降低，且植入後可被宿主細胞再生。若獲 FDA 最終批准，將可作為現成即用的血管替代品，取代傳統合成移植物。

幹細胞衍生心肌貼片
由多能幹細胞分化而成的心肌貼片已在靈長類動物研究及首例人體試驗中，展現對心力衰竭的修復潛力。此類貼片將心肌細胞製成可貼敷於心臟表面的「貼片」，在術後 3–6 個月內可改善心臟收縮功能並促進心肌再生。

生物支架氣管移植
少數個案報告採用去細胞化或合成支架，結合自體細胞進行氣管替代，但目前仍屬早期研究或單一個案階段，尚未普及臨床應用。

生物工程膀胱
2006 年，Wake Forest 團隊首次報告使用自體尿路上皮細胞與膀胱平滑肌細胞，結合可降解支架重建脊髓損傷童膀胱之案例。最長 5 年的隨訪顯示組織整合與功能恢復初步成效，但尚未成為常規商業化產品。